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AI in Military C2 Systems - An Introduction and Recent Advances (C2COE)

Recent advances in the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into military Command and Control (C2) systems and procedures are transforming decision-making processes, enhancing situational awareness, and improving operational efficiency in a more complex operational environment.

This article traces AI’s evolution from theoretical concept to practical military application, analyzing its role across the C2-cycle stages including data sensing, processing, sensemaking, and decision support. It introduces the reader to current AI developments such as Project Maven and (AI-driven) drone warfare systems, exploring how AI systems are revolutionizing target identification, intelligence analysis, and overall battlefield awareness, emphasizing the growing reliance on AI in military decision-making. It addresses critical challenges that include data quality issues, cybersecurity vulnerabilities, and the need for explainable AI systems in military contexts.

The authors advocate for a balanced approach to AI implementation that maintains human command authority while leveraging AI’s advantages. AI’s integration into military C2 represents an evolutionary rather than revolutionary change, requiring careful consideration of doctrinal adaptations, training requirements, and human-machine teaming approaches.