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Over the course of the last three years, the endeavour to adopt the term Multi-Domain Operations (MDO) within NATO documents has resulted in a concept vision of cross-domain coordination. Ongoing discussions in multiple settings confirm the ambiguity of opinions toward the topic. Some seem to narrow it down to horizontal synchronization, specifically between the military domains, whereas others tend to move into a Whole-of- Alliance approach1. While this development has helped to achieve clarity on definitions, it has introduced another dilemma: is Multi-Domain Command and Control (MDC2) in its current state another capstone concept regarding synchronization with non-military actors… or a warfighting principal for future use?
